Topics are addressed froma physics perspective and include the propagation of light in matter, reflection and transmission at boundaries, polarization effects. This physics video tutorial discusses the total internal reflection of light and how to calculate the critical angle of refraction. This physics textbook is designed to support my personal teaching activities at duke university, in particular teaching its physics 141142, 151152, or 161162 series introductory physics for life science majors, engineers, or potential physics majors, respectively. Starting from the concepts of classical optics, optics, light and lasers introduces in detail the phenomena of linear and nonlinear light matter interaction, the.
Light can be represented as a transverse electromagnetic wave made up of mutually perpendicular, fluctuating electric and magnetic fields. Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header. Welcome,you are looking at books for reading, the physics of light and optics black white, you will able to read or download in pdf or epub books and notice some of author may have lock the live reading for some of country. Fourier transform spectroscopy with a michelson interferometer. In the field of optics, newton the experimenter, was greater than newton the theorist. In fact, if the viewer was at a high enough altitude in practice, in an.
Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em waves, polarization, fresnel equations, production of polarized light, superposition of waves interference of light, coherence, fraunhofer diffraction, fourier optics, characteristics. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and. Total internal reflection of light and critical angle of. Chapter 9 of ncert physics class 12 is ray optics and optical instruments. Light is emitted from displays and arrives on our retinas in a way that convincingly reproduces how light arrives through normal vision in the physical world. The speed of light waves in air is approximately 3. We know that light shows both the particle and wave characteristics. Optics optic is one of the branch of physics which deals with the light and properties of it.
The lessons support the ontario curriculum, science, grades 9 to 12, 2006, revised integrate literacy strategies highlight sound assessment practices. Vision depends on light, and optics are used to control light by reflecting or bending it so that we can see in different ways. It collects a lot of parallel light from a distant object. Book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks fermats principle is the basis of geometrical optics which ignores the wave. It is interference that causes diffraction the bending of light around obstacles.
This tutorial introduces light and optics in physics. But when light waves pass around small objects, such as a 100diameter human hair, or through small openings, such as a 50 pinhole, ray optics cannot account for the light patterns produced on a screen beyond these objects. Download physics of light and optics download free online book chm pdf. Aipmt neet physics wave optics mcq practice sample papers problems free pdf. Class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments free pdf download. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens.
The practical approach to modern aspects of photonics and laser physics dieter meschede. Geometrical optics, studied in the first year, ignored the wave nature of light and so, in this course, we focus particularly on physical optics where the primary characteristic of waves viz. Light reflection and refraction notes for class 10. Traditionally, the subject of optics has dealt with the nature of visible light. Optics, in a simple manner, is used to describe the behaviour of visible light, infrared light, and the ultraviolet. Optics and photonics university of louisville physics and. A light year is the distance travelled by light in one year, so light year is a unit of distance. In optical region, light has a wavelength of about half a micrometre. The 3b scientific physics shop has a wide range of optics experiment equipment ready to go to work for you explaining the behavior and properties of light and how light interacts with matter. As per the syllabus, it is also an important chapter for all competitive exams such as iit, jee mains and advanced, neet, etc ray optics class 12 is all about the core concepts of light and its characteristics. A free online textbook we highlight an electronic textbook available free of charge in pdf format at optics.
Kaleidoscopes, periscopes, microscopes, telescopes besides the word ending, what do they have in common. Point a ray of light into the thick end of a wedgeshaped light guide and the ray will propagate towards the thin end by total internal reflection. In the study of geometrical optics, we find it acceptable to represent the interaction of light waves with plane and spherical surfaceswith mirrors and lensesin terms of light rays. Optical image processing and optical pattern recognition. One reason is the interface between visual displays and our eyes. Light is considered to be linearly polarized when it contains waves that only. Light and optics knowing how light propagates in the physical world is crucial to understanding vr. The large objective lens at the business end of a telescope is a convex lens. A convex lens is one that bulges in the middle, and a concave lens is thinnest in the middle. The text is designed for upperlevel undergraduate students with a physics background. If the surface of a material is very even, the light can create a virtual image for the observer because the light rays maintain their relative angles after reflection. In physical optics, light is considered to propagate as a wave.
Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. Geometrical optics subset of optics concerning interaction of light with macroscopic material geometrical optics optics branch of physics, concerning the interaction of light with matter dimension larger than a human hair. Ray optics is based on rectilinear propagation of light, and deals with mirrors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of. If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format including but not limited to pdf and html, then you must retain on every page the. Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy. Script fundamentals of modern optics, fsu jena, prof. We will constrain to geometric optics in this simplified optics explanation. Electromagnetic theory of propagation interference and diffraction of light.
Read online physics of light and optics book pdf free download link book now. A diffraction pattern for which the phase of the light at the observation point is a linear function of the position for all points in the diffracting aperture is fraunhofer diffraction. Topics are addressed from a physics perspective and include the propagation of light in matter, reflection and transmission at boundaries, polarization effects, dispersion, coherence, ray optics and imaging, diffraction, and the quantum nature of light. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. Physics of light and optics pdf book manual free download. Hernandez department of physics and astronomy, university of north carolina, chapel hill the basic laws of geometrical optics can be deduced from energymomentum conservation for electromagnetic waves, without other. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Geometrical optics via electromagnetic wave quantization john p. For example, this is the case with macroscopic crystals of calcite, which present the viewer with two offset, orthogonally. Aug 02, 2011 this textbook is developed for an upper level undergraduate course in optics. This idea that light travels through space along straight lines, although not strictly correct, is the basis of the very useful ray model of light, which explains a great deal about how we see things.
Class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 9 ray optics. A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field pdf. Each time the ray reflects off one wedge optics in flat panel displays adrian r. Optics the branch of physics consisting properties of light. The fact that we speak casually today of the speed of light implies that at some point in history, somebody succeeded in showing that light did not travel infinitely fast. Reflection and refraction 17 be scattered away from its original direction figure 2. Second year, optics fraunhofer diffraction how linear is linear. Optics with an optical benche and prisms, mirrors, lasers,projectors, holograms, basic and advanced spectrometers, spectrum tubes and lamps, laser optics. Types of light to understand light you have to know that what we call light is what is visible to us. Geometrical optics via electromagnetic wave quantization. Superposition of two light travelling in almost same direction results in modification in the distribution of intensity of light in the region of superposition.
Light reflection and refraction notes for class 10 formulas download pdf. Visual arts depend on light to communicate, and an understanding of the physical properties of light and color should enhance the communication for both the artist and the viewer. Geometrical optics uses the effective rule of thumb that light travels in straight lines. Light science physics and the visual arts thomas rossing. Pdf optics physics pdf optics physics pdf optics physics download. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i.
The distance 1 light year distance travelled by light in one year time speed of light x duration of 1 year measured in second 3 x 108 x 365. Why do some materials, like metal and water, reflect light evenly, forming an image, but most materials, like wood and plaster, do not. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material while compound lenses consist of several simple lenses arranged along with a common axis. Topics are addressed from a physics perspective and include the propagation of light in matter, reflection and transmission at boundaries, polarization effects, dispersion, coherence, ray optics and imaging, diffraction, and the. Other sections include motion, heat, electricity, magnetism, and modern physics. Dogs can see only shades of gray and some insects can see light from the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Characteristics of light light waves are electromagnetic waves, whose nature is transverse. The particle scatterings of the incident chiral light 10. Singleslit diffraction wave optics year 1 laboratory, physics, imperial college london. Only wave optics leads to the correct interpretation of such patterns. A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses light beams by means of refraction. Electromagnetic spectrum incandescence luminecence. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. Light and vision we know today that light and vision are inseparable.
Light and applications of optics grade 10 science purpose of the unit this unit develops knowledge and skills required for investigation inquiry and research. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without. Topics covered include re ection and transmission at boundaries, dispersion, polarization e ects, di raction, coherence, ray optics and imaging, the propagation of light in matter, and the quantum nature of. Pdf view jh sir physical chemistry notes for class 12 mar 8, 2020 pdf nv sir 11th class physics notes for jee and boards feb 27, 2020 pdf download nv sir physics notes complete for jee feb 22, 2020. Pdf for many early thinkers and natural philosophers, optics was considered the most fundamental of the natural sciences. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Ncert solutions for class 12 physics chapter 9 ray optics.
Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments light light is a form of energy eyes. Pinhole camera wave optics geometric 12 fermats principle light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum minimum ignoring the wave nature of light basic theory for optical instruments geometrical optics revision geometric. Topics covered include re ection and transmission at boundaries, dispersion, polarization e ects, di raction, coherence, ray optics and imaging, the propagation of light in matter, and the quantum nature of light. Pdf optics physics for our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate. This book provides an introduction to the field of optics from a physics perspective. Optical physics studies the interactions of light with atoms, molecules and semiconductor systems in different contexts. A lens bends parallel lightrays towards and through a single point, a focus. Physics of light and optics justin peatross michael ware brigham young university. Pdf download ray optics and current electricity notes. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. With the useful geometric construct of a light ray we can illustrate propagation, reflection, and refraction of light in clear, uncomplicated drawings. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as xrays, microwaves, and radio waves. This scattering is caused by the interaction of light with small particles, even atoms or molecules, within the material.
A line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light. Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the determination of behaviour and the properties of light, along with its interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which are used to detect it. The book presents several physical effects and properties of materials used in lasers and electro optics in the first chapter and, in the three remaining chapters, applications of lasers and electro optics in three different areas are presented. The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays constitutes a beam of light. Galileo tried, and failed, to detect a finite speed for light, by arranging with a person in a distant tower to signal back and forth with lanterns. This model predicts phenomena such as interference and diffraction, which are not explained by geometric optics. Some of the topics will be covered in this unit are.
Optics fraunhofer diffraction how linear is linear. They all use optics to enhance our vision in some way. Lenses in optics applications types of lenses physics. Optics light and lasers pdf starting from the concepts of classical optics, optics, light and lasers introduces in detail the phenomena of linear and nonlinear light matter. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. Electromagnetic radiation belonging to this region of the spectrum wavelength of about 400 nm to 750 nm is called light. Grega bizjak, phd laboratory of lighting and photometry faculty of electrical engineering university of ljubljana light light fascinating and mysterious companion throughout human history how our vision works. Ray optics geometrical optics covered by lecture introduction to optical modeling the topic of ray optics geometrical optics is not covered in the course fundamentals of modern optics. A typical light ray entering the eye of the viewer is shown. Free optics books download ebooks online textbooks tutorials. The elements of the ray theory, called geometrical optics, will be explored in chapters l2 and l3. Galileo tried, and failed, to detect a finite speed for light, by arranging. Concave mirror will converge light, convex mirror will diverge light lenses concave lens bends towards observer aka cave convex lens bends away from observer concave lens will diverge light, convex lens will converge light opposite of mirrors focal length 12 radius of curvature physics lecture 8 light and optics. Bungy jumping is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing clientele of.
Light is a form of energy which is given by luminous objects. However, in this unit we will learn the particle characteristics of the light. Optics, in a simple manner, is used to describe the behaviour of visible light, infrared light. Other objects which do not give out light are called non luminous objects.
Workshop tutorials for biological and environmental physics wr1b. When light propagates in a transparent material medium, its speed is in general less than the speed in vacuum c. Then you come to the chapter on wave optics, and you are told that light travels as a wave, that it can bend around objects, it can diffract and interfere, etc. At the college of optical sciences, nine different research groups pursue projects in quantum gases, quantum information, theoretical and computational optical physics, experimental and theoretical semiconductor quantum optics, and ultrafast lasers, with impacts to the. An interesting consequence of this is that a light ray will change direction when passing from one medium to another.
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